Abstract Ligand-gated ion channels are formed by Clothing three to five subunits that control the opening of the pore in a cooperative fashion.We developed a microfluidic chip-based technique for studying ion currents and fluorescence signals in either excised membrane patches or whole cells to measure activation and deactivation kinetics of the ch
Terahertz (THz) communications with a frequency band 0.1 – 10 THz are envisioned as a promising solution to future high-speed wireless communication.Although with tens of gigahertz available bandwidth, THz signals suffer from severe free-spreading loss and molecular-absorption loss, which 1020 limit the wireless transmission distance.To comp
The cynodonts, a diversified group of advanced therapsids which appeared in the fossil record at the end of the Permian, constitute an important component of many Triassic and Early Jurassic terrestrial ecosystems.It seems now generally accepted that the cynodonts are the sister-group of the therocephalians, and that they include the mammals as a d
Leads and pressure ridges are dominant features of the Arctic sea ice cover.Not only do they affect heat loss and surface drag, but they also provide insight into the underlying physics of sea ice deformation.Due to their elongated shape they are referred to as linear kinematic features (LKFs).This paper introduces two methods that detect and track